Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma is a type of bone marrow cancer characterised by abnormal expansion of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is the second most common type of blood cancer and afflicts more than 100 patients in Singapore a year. It has a rising incidence in Asia, the reason for which is still elusive. These tumours may keep the bone marrow from making enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow makes stem cells (immature cells) that become three types of mature blood cells:

• Red blood cells that carry oxygen and other substances to all tissues of the body
• White blood cells that fight infection and disease
• Platelets that form blood clots to help prevent bleeding

As the number of myeloma cells increases, fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made. The myeloma cells also damage and weaken the bone.

In time, myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow. They may damage the solid part of the bone. When myeloma cells collect in several of your bones, the disease is called "Multiple Myeloma". This disease may also harm other tissues and organs, such as the kidneys.

Myeloma cells make antibodies called "M proteins". These proteins can collect in the blood, urine and organs.

Eventually, myeloma causes anaemia, lytic bone lesions which may cause bone pain or fractures, renal impairment and hypercalcaemia.

• Those over 55 years of age. The risk increases with age
• Men more susceptible to Multiple Myeloma
• Personal history of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
• Family history of Multiple Myeloma (the risk is higher if a close relative is a victim of the disease)

*People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their Doctor.

• Bone Pain - Mostly in the back and the rib cage
• Anaemia - This can cause fatigue, dizziness and shortness of breath
• Hypercalcaemia - High levels of calcium in the blood may result in muscle weakness, increased thirst, nausea, loss of appetite, constipation as well as mental confusion
• Kidney Problems - Damage to the kidneys will impair the body's ability to remove excess salt, fluid and waste, resulting in the swelling of the lower limbs and weakness
• Recurrent infections and fevers

*A Doctor should be consulted should the above symptoms occur.

There is currently no way to prevent Multiple Myeloma.

If you have a symptom that suggests Multiple Myeloma, your Doctor must find out whether it is due to cancer or some other cause. Your Doctor may ask about your personal and family medical history. You may also have one or more of the following tests.

Physical Exam

Your Doctor checks general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.

Blood Tests

Your Doctor may order blood tests. The lab may check the level of many different proteins, including M protein and other immunoglobulins (antibodies), albumin and beta-2-microglublin as Multiple Myeloma causes high levels of proteins in the blood. The lab may also do a complete blood count to check the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets as myeloma may also cause anaemia and low levels of white blood cells and platelets. The lab may also check for high calcium levels or perform creatinine tests.

Urine Tests

The lab may test for Bence Jones protein, a type of M protein, in urine. The lab measures the amount of Bence Jones protein in urine collected over a 24-hour period. If the lab finds a high level of Bence Jones protein in your urine sample, Doctors may monitor your kidneys as Bence Jones protein can clog the kidneys and damage them.

X-rays

This test is used to identify lytic lesions in the bones caused by myeloma. In addition, this test can also detect any weakened bone areas or fractures that may require surgery.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A procedure that uses magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An MRI may be used to find areas where the bone is damaged.

Biopsy

The Doctor may remove tissues to look for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only sure way to know whether myeloma cells are in your bone marrow. Before the sample is taken, local anaesthesia is used to numb the area to help reduce the pain. The doctor then removes some bone marrow from your hip bone or another large bone. A pathologist uses a microscope to check the tissue for myeloma cells. There are two ways the doctor can obtain bone marrow. Some patients may encounter both procedures during the same visit.

• Bone Marrow Aspiration - The doctor uses a thick, hollow needle to remove samples of bone marrow.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy - The doctor uses a thick, hollow needle to remove samples of bone marrow.